Telecentric lens systems for forming an image of an object composed of pixels

ABSTRACT

Telecentric lens systems for use with pixelized panels, such as LCD or DMD panels, are provided. The systems have a long aperture stop to object distance (ASOD) and a high level of aberration correction, including a high level of lateral color correction. Preferably, the systems also have a low f-number and are wide angle. The systems include a negative first unit which produces the long ASOD, a weak second unit which includes two meniscus elements which surround the system&#39;s aperture stop, and a positive third unit which images the aperture stop to form the system&#39;s telecentric pupil.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to telecentric lens systems and, in particular, to systems of this type which can be used, inter alia, to form an image of an object composed of pixels, such as, a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a discrete mirror device (DMD). In certain embodiments, the lens systems have a long aperture stop to object distance (ASOD), a high level of aberration correction, a large aperture, and a wide field of view. The invention further relates to the use of such lens systems in projection televisions, e.g., rear projection televisions, in which an image of an LCD, DMD, or other pixelized panel is projected onto a viewing screen.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Projection television systems employing LCDs or DMDs are currently under development for use as, among other things, computer monitors. Such projection televisions preferably employ a single lens system which forms an image of either a single panel having, for example, red, green, and blue pixels, or three individual panels, one for each color.

In either case, and, in particular, in the three panel case, the lens system normally needs to have a long aperture stop to object distance (ASOD) to accommodate the optical elements, e.g., filters, beam splitters, prisms, and the like, used in combining the light from the different color optical paths which the lens system projects towards the viewing screen.

The illumination of a pixelized panel plays an important role in the performance of projection TVs employing such panels. In particular, it is important to match the location and size of the exit pupil of the illumination system with the entrance pupil of the lens system to obtain a bright, uniformly-illuminated image on the TV screen. Since illumination optics generally work best when the exit pupil is located a long distance from the light source, it is desirable to use a projection lens system with a long entrance pupil distance. Also, LCD panels work best when light passes through them at small angles.

Telecentric lens systems are systems which have at least one pupil at infinity. In terms of principal rays, having a pupil at infinity means that the principal rays are parallel to the optical axis (a) in object space, if the entrance pupil is at infinity, or (b) in image space, if the exit pupil is at infinitum. Since light can propagate through a lens system in either direction, the pupil at infinity can serve as either an entrance or an exit pupil depending upon the system's orientation with respect to the object and the image. Accordingly, the term “telecentric pupil” will be used herein to describe the system's pupil at infinity, whether that pupil is functioning as an entrance or an exit pupil.

In practical applications, the telecentric pupil need not actually be at infinity since a lens system having an entrance or exit pupil at a sufficiently large distance from the system's optical surfaces will in essence operate as a telecentric system. The principal rays for such a system will be substantially parallel to the optical axis and thus the system will in general be functionally equivalent to a system for which the theoretical (Gaussian) location of the pupil is at infinity.

Accordingly, as used herein, the term “telecentric lens system” is intended to include lens systems which have at least one pupil at a long distance from the lens elements, and the term “telecentric pupil” is used to describe such a pupil at a long distance from the lens elements. For the lens systems of the invention, the telecentric pupil distance will in general be at least about 10 times the system's focal length.

In addition to having a long ASOD and a telecentric pupil, lens systems for use with pixelized panels generally need to have a high level of aberration correction, including lateral color correction. Lateral color, i.e., the variation of magnification with color, manifests itself as a decrease in contrast, especially at the edges of the field. In extreme cases, a rainbow effect in the region of the full field can be seen.

In projection televisions employing cathode ray tubes (CRTs) a small amount of (residual) lateral color can be compensated for electronically by, for example, reducing the size of the image produced on the face of the red CRT relative to that produced on the blue CRT. With pixelized panels, however, such an accommodation cannot be performed because the image is digitized and thus a smooth adjustment in size across the full field of view is not possible.

Accordingly, a higher level of lateral color correction is needed from the lens system. In particular, for a VGA computer monitor, the lateral color evaluated across the entire active surface of the pixelized panel(s) over the visual light spectrum should be less than about the diagonal of a pixel and preferably less than about ½ the diagonal of a pixel.

Pixelized panels and their use in computer monitor applications also lead to stringent requirements regarding the correction of distortion and the attainment of flat field imagery, i.e., the achieving of a high level of correction of the field curvature of the lens system. This is so because when viewing data displays, good image quality is required even at the extreme points of the field of view of the lens system. Similarly, it is also important to keep an even illumination level across the image of the pixelized panel, i.e., to maintain the smallest relative illumination fall-off possible due to vignetting in the lens system. Further, various illumination schemes may require lens systems having large numerical apertures, e.g., apertures corresponding to a f-number of 2 or faster.

For rear projection applications, it is desirable to have as small an overall package size (monitor size) as possible. In terms of the optics, this means that the imaging conjugates should be made as small as possible while still maintaining a large image size. This, in turn, means that the projection lens system should have a wide field of view, e.g., preferably a field of view whose half angle is at least about 25° or higher. A lens system having such a field of view is referred to herein as a “wide angle” system.

The lens systems described below address all the above requirements and can be successfully used in producing projection televisions and, in particular, computer monitors, where a high quality color image is required.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

Lens systems for use -with projection television systems and, in particular, projection televisions using pixelized panels are describe in various patents and patent publications, including Moskovich, U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,861, and Moskovich, U.S. Pat. No. 5,218,480.

Discussions of LCD systems can be found in Taylor, U.S. Pat. No. 4,189,211, Gagnon et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,425,028, Gagnon, U.S. Pat. No. 4,461,542, Ledebuhr, U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,311, Minefuji, U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,540, EPO Patent Publication No. 311,116, and Russian Patent Publication No. 1,007,068.

Discussions of telecentric lens systems can be found in Hirose, U.S. Pat. No. 4,511,223,. Miyamae et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,637,690, Shirota, U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,279, Ikemori, U.S. Pat. No. 3,947,094, Tateoka, U.S. Pat. No. 4,441,792, EPO Patent Publication No. 373,677, and Russian Patent Publications Nos. 603,938, 1,048,444, and 1,089,535.

A objective lens-for a reflex camera employing two facing meniscus elements is disclosed in Fischer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,169. The lens of this patent is not suitable for use in producing color images from one or more pixelized panels because, :inter alia, the lens is not telecentric. Also, Fischer et al.'s aperture stop is not located between their facing meniscus elements as is the case in all of the lens systems of the present system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide proved lens systems for use in projection televisions and, in particular, in computer monitors in which one or more pixeled panels are projected onto a viewing screen.

More particularly, it is an object of the invention to provide lens systems which have at least some, and preferably all, of the following properties: 1) a long ASOD for light traveling from right to left in the figures, i.e., an ASOD which is at least about 2.5 times the focal length (f) of the system, and preferably at least about 3.0 times f (note that as the ASOD/f ratio increases, it becomes more difficult to correct the aberrations of the lens system so as to produce an image suitable for use in displaying data on a computer monitor); 2) a telecentric pupil, i.e., an entrance pupil a long distance from the lens system for light traveling from right to left in the figures; 3) a high level of aberration correction, including correction of distortion, field curvature, and lateral color (note that with a pixelized panel, pincushion and barrel distortion cannot be corrected electronically as can be done to at least some extent in projection televisions that employ cathode ray tubes); 4) a large aperture, e.g., a f-number of about 2; and 5) a wide field of view, i.e., a field of view greater than about 25 degrees half or semi-field for light traveling from left to right in the figures.

To achieve the foregoing and other objects, the invention provides a telecentric lens system which includes the following three lens units in order from the long conjugate side to the short conjugate side of the system:

-   -   (1) a first lens unit which:         -   (a) has a negative power; and         -   (b) includes at least one negative lens element whose             strongest surface is convex to the long conjugate side of             the system;     -   (2) a second lens unit which:         -   (a) is of weak optical power, i.e., the ratio of the             absolute value of the focal length of the second lens unit             to the focal length of the lens system is greater than about             1.5;         -   (b) comprises two meniscus elements whose concave surfaces             face each other; and         -   (c) includes the lens system's aperture stop with the             aperture stop being located between the meniscus elements;             and     -   (3) a third lens unit which:         -   (a) has a positive power;         -   (b) forms the system's telecentric pupil by imaging the             aperture stop; and         -   (c) includes means for correcting the chromatic aberrations             of the lens system, including the lateral color of the             system.

Preferred constructions for the three lens units are discussed below in connection with the Description of the Preferred Embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 through 15 are schematic side views of lens systems constructed in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of a projection TV/computer monitor employing a lens system constructed in accordance with the invention.

These drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute part of the specification, illustrate the preferred embodiments of the invention, and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. It is to be understood, of course, that both the drawings and the description are explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As discussed above, the lens systems of the present invention include three lens units, each of which includes at least one lens element.

I. The First Lens Unit

The first lens unit has a negative power and serves to provide the large ASOD needed to accommodate the optical path folding and/or combining means employed with pixelized panels. As illustrated in the figures, the lens systems of the invention have a large space on the short conjugate side of the system either between the elements of the system (FIGS. 1-8) or after those elements (FIGS. 9-15).

To minimize aberration contributions, the first lens unit includes at least one negative element, preferably the leading element of the unit, which has a strong surface facing away from (convex to) the system's long conjugate. The strong convex surface minimizes the angles of incidence and thus the contribution of the surface to the aberrations of the system. The negative element with the strong surface is preferably meniscus shaped.

The first unit can contain a single negative element (FIGS. 2-3 and 5-15) or multiple negative elements (FIGS. 1 and 4). Where multiple negative elements are used, the elements can all be meniscus shaped (FIG. 1) or can be a combination of meniscus and biconcave elements (FIG. 4).

To minimize lateral color contributions, all the negative elements in the first unit are preferably made of a low dispersion material, i.e., a material having a dispersion like crown glass, such as acrylic in the case of a plastic lens element. As used herein, a low dispersion material is one having a V-value in the range from 35 to 75 for an index of refraction in the range from 1.85 to 1.5, while a high dispersion material is one having a V-value in the range from 20 to 50 for the same range of indices of refraction.

The first lens unit preferably includes one or more aspheric surfaces which provide a major contribution to the correction of the distortion of the system.

II. The Second Lens Unit

The second lens unit contains the system's aperture stop which is located between the two menisci of that unit. The stop can be a lens mount, a separate aperture, or a variable diaphragm depending upon the particular application.

The menisci elements of this unit make a significant contribution to the correction of the field curvature of the lens system. These elements preferably have aspheric surfaces in order to correct other aberrations in the system. Specifically, the aspheric surfaces serve to correct aperture dependent aberrations, e.g., spherical aberration, as well as coma and other residual aberrations. The correction of spherical aberration by these aspheric surfaces allows fore the achievement of smaller f-numbers for the lens system. By locating the stop between the facing menisci, the odd powered aberrations of these elements, i.e., coma, distortion, and lateral color, are automatically, minimized by the structure of the lens. See, for comparison, the Hypergon lens (U.S. Pat. No. 706,650) and the Topogon lens (U.S. Pat. No. 2,031,792). In this way, the aspheric surfaces of these elements can be used primarily to correct aberrations arising elsewhere in the system.

The second lens unit can include an additional lens element located on the long conjugate side of and directly associated with the first meniscus element, i.e., in contact with or essentially in contact with the first meniscus element (FIGS. 2, 5-7, and 9-15).

This additional element usually has a positive power to enhance the correction of distortion and astigmatism and is made of a high dispersion material (e.g., a flint glass or styrene) to achieve a better correction of lateral color. To improve this correction even further, the element may be made as a cemented doublet as shown in FIG. 11. The lateral color improvement achieved by this additional element occurs through, inter alia, its interaction with the low dispersion negative element(s) of the first lens unit. This combination of a low dispersion negative element and a high dispersion positive element functions in a manner similar to that of an afocal attachment of the type previously used with double Gauss and retrofocus lens systems. See, for example, Kawamura, U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,459, in which two low dispersion negative meniscus elements (elements 1 and 2) and a high dispersion positive element (element 3) are used to correct lateral color.

The additional lens element may also include an aspherical surface(s) to enhance the correction of monochromatic aberrations including distortion, especially, if no aspherical surfaces are used in the first lens unit.

The second lens unit may have a color correcting doublet near the aperture stop of the lens to provide an enhanced correction of the axial color of the lens system (FIGS. 12 and 14). This additional correction may be required when the color correcting doublet in the third lens unit (see below) is designed to provide a particularly fine correction of the system's secondary lateral color and thus is not able to provide a sufficient correction of axial color. By placing the color correcting doublet of the second lens unit near the aperture stop, this doublet can correct axial color without significantly affecting the lateral color correction provided by the color correcting doublet of the third lens unit and the combination of the negative low dispersion lens element or elements of the first lens unit and the positive high dispersion additional lens element of the second lens unit. In certain embodiments, the color correcting doublet of the second lens unit can be composed of materials having abnormal partial dispersions (see Table 14).

III. The Third Lens Unit

The third lens unit has a positive optical power and preferably provides the majority of the positive power of the lens system. The aperture stop of the lens system is located at or near the front focal point of the third lens unit so that the entrance pupil of the lens system for light traveling from right to left in the figures is at a long distance from the lens system, i.e., so that the lens system is telecentric. As can be seen in the figures, a large space characterized by the system's ASOD is provided either within or just behind the third lens unit.

The third lens unit includes a color correcting means. The color correcting means can be a classical color correcting doublet employing a positive low dispersion (crown) element and a negative high dispersion (flint) element. However, as illustrated in Table 12, the color correcting means of the third lens unit can also include a positive and a negative element, each composed of a low dispersion (crown) material, with the material being different for the two elements and with at least one of the materials having an abnormal partial dispersion. The use of such a configuration arises as follows.

Primary lateral color describes the difference in size of the red and blue images formed by a given lens system. In some embodiments of the invention, see, for example FIGS. 11-13, where the lens has a long back focal distance, the off-axis bundles go through the third lens unit at significant heights, larger than the axial beam height. In this situation.. secondary lateral color, i.e., the difference in magnification of the red-blue image versus the green image, may become a problem of concern. When this is the case, secondary color can be corrected by the use of materials with abnormal partial dispersions in the color correcting means of the third lens unit (see Table 12). In the process of achieving correction of secondary lateral color, the correction of axial color may be compromised. In this case, an additional doublet in the second lens unit can be used (again see Table 12).

The lens elements of third lens unit will normally include one or more aspherical surfaces which provide correction of pupil spherical aberration as well as contribute to the correction of residuals of spherical aberration, distortion, astigmatism, and coma.

FIGS. 1 to 15 illustrate various lens systems constructed in accordance with the invention. Corresponding lens prescriptions appear in Tables 1 to 15, respectively. Lens units, lens elements, and lens surfaces are identified by “U”, “L”, and “S” numbers, respectively, in the figures.

As is conventional, the figures are drawn with the long conjugate on the left and the short conjugate on the right. Accordingly, in the typical application of the invention, e.g., in a computer monitor, the viewing screen will be on the left and the pixeled panel or panels will be on the right.

In FIGS. 10-15, the various surfaces appearing after the third lens unit correspond to optical elements, such as mirrors, prisms, and the like, used in forming a color image from pixeled panels. Although not shown in FIGS. 1-9, similar optical elements can be used with the lens systems of these figures. In FIGS. 1-8, a folding mirror (not shown) can be included between the two rear elements of the lens system to reduce the overall size of a projection TV/computer monitor employing the lens system.

The glasses and plastics referred to in Tables 1-15 are set forth in Table 16, where the glass names are the SCHOTT designations. Equivalent materials made by other manufacturers can be used in the practice of the invention.

The aspheric coefficients set forth in the tables are for use in the following equation: $z = {\frac{{cy}^{2}}{1 + \left\lbrack {1 - {\left( {1 + k} \right)c^{2}y^{2}}} \right\rbrack^{1/2}} + {ADy}^{4} + {AEy}^{6} + {AFy}^{8} + {AGy}^{10} + {AHy}^{12} + {AIy}^{14}}$   where z is the surface sag at a distance y from the optical axis of the system, c is the curvature of the lens at the optical axis, and k is a conic constant, which is zero for all of the examples.

The abbreviations used in the Tables 1-15 are as follows: SN—surface number; CLR, AP.—clear aperture; EFL—effective focal length of the system; FVD—front vertex distance; f/—f-number; IMD—image distance; OBD—object distance; OVL—overall length; OBJ. HT—object height; MAG—magnification; ENP—entrance pupil; EXP—exit pupil; and BRL—barrel length, where the values given are for light traveling from left to right in the figures. The designation “a” associated with various surfaces represents “aspheric”. All dimensions given in the Tables 1-15 and 17 are in millimeters.

Table 17 summarizes various of the properties and advantages of the present lens system. The abbreviations used in this table are as follows: Field—half field of view for light traveling from left to right; F/No—f-number; f—effective focal length of the system; f₁, f₂, and f₃—focal lengths of units 1, 2, and 3, respectively; ASOD—aperture stop to object distance for light traveling from right to left; and ENPD—entrance pupil distance for light traveling from right to left.

As shown in Table 17, for all of the examples, the first lens unit has a negative power, the second lens unit is of weak optical power, and the third lens unit is the strongest contributor to the lens system's overall positive power. The table further shows that except for Examples 5, 12, and 14-15, the third lens unit provides the majority of the positive power of the system, where “majority” means that the positive power of the third lens unit is more than twice the positive power of the second lens unit for those second lens units that have a positive power.

As also shown in Table 17, all of the lens systems have a large ASOD, a telecentric entrance pupil, and, except for Example 14 and 15, a wide field of view, i.e., a field of view of 25° or higher. Examples 14 and 15 are designed for use with multiple folding mirrors between the lens system and the viewing screen which allows for a somewhat smaller field of view. Because the field of view is smaller, the viewing screen need not have as large a numerical aperture, which allows for a simpler screen construction. Also, the smaller field of view means that the illumination at the corners of the screen is higher since the cos⁴ dropoff is less.

Table 17 further shows that all of the lens systems of the invention have ASOD/f values that are greater than 2.5 and all but Example 2 have values greater than the preferred value of 3.0, with the value for Example 2 being about 3.0.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of a projection television/computer monitor 10 constructed in accordance with the invention. As shown in this figure, projection television/computer monitor 10 includes cabinet 12 having projection screen 14 along its front face. The image to be projected is formed by module 16 which includes, inter alia, a light source, three pixelized panels, and a set of dichroic beam-splitters for combining the light from the three panels into a single beam. Alternatively, module 16 can include a single, three color, pixelized panel and its associated optical components. Various commercially available components known in the art can be used to construct module 16.

The single, three-color beam produced by module 16 is projected by lens system 13 onto mirror 18 and ultimately to screen 14. Lens system 13 is constructed in accordance with the present invention and thus forms a high quality image on the screen. In particular, the distortion is fully corrected, the monochromatic imagery is flat and uniformly bright across the format, and the lateral color across the entire active surface of the pixelized panel or panels over the visual light spectrum is less than about the diagonal of a pixel and preferably less than about ½ the diagonal of a pixel.

Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated, it is to be understood that a variety of modifications which do not depart from the scope and spirit of the invention will be evident to persons of ordinary skill in the art from the foregoing disclosure. The following claims are intended to cover the specific embodiments set forth herein as well as such modifications, variations, and equivalents.

TABLE 1 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1 100.8190 6.00000 ACRYLIC 107.63  2 48.9744 15.25518 84.97  3a 143.9044 6.00000 ACRYLIC 81.86  4a 43.3618 37.93520 68.93  5a 35.6345 15.00000 STYRENE 54.27  6a 81.6110 17.36272 47.86  7 Aperature 7.77990 37.45 stop  8a −27.2425 6.00000 STYRENE 37.38  9a −423.3710 0.50000 45.18 10 107.7346 15.00000 SK5 52.75 11 −73.4827 4.00000 SP6 57.31 12 −1002.5660 1.50000 64.58 13 108.4138 23.00000 SK5 80.44 14 −95.4279 0.50000 82.81 15a 133.2972 12.00000 ACRYLIC 84.41 16a −132.2276 114.48260 83.83 17a 139.3172 15.00000 ACRYLIC 108.80 18a −700.0000 10.00020 108.50 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1 −1.5934E-07 −3.2301E-11 −8.4041E-15 −1.4417E-18  1.0816E-22  2.0851E-25 3  2.0545E-06 −1.5307E-10  1.8192E-13  7.9530E-17  2.8673E-20  1.1986E-23 4 −9.7451E-08  4.9263E-10 −4.9311E-13  2.6150E-16  3.9054E-19  1.2880E-22 5 −2.3574E-07 −1.3342E-09  5.3174E-12 −7.7048E-17 −1.1073E-17  1.2716E-20 6 −8.2802E-07  1.6251E-09  1.1805E-12 −2.0627E-14  5.0501E-17 −3.3873E-20 8  4.4580E-07 −4.4341E-09  1.5629E-11  9.3004E-15 −1.6550E-16  2.5239E-19 9  8.5180E-07 −1.8891E-10  1.2699E-12  5.1184E-16 −2.8733E-18  3.3000E-21 15  −1.6675E-07  8.4927E-11  3.6771E-14  2.5463E-17 −5.0093E-21 −1.1761E-23 16   1.7020E-06  2.7211E-10  3.2080E-14  3.7396E-17 −1.0735E-20 −7.5127E-24 17  −1.8602E-07  5.2861E-11 −2.2361E-14  5.1543E-18 −1.9417E-21  4.4279E-25 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −660.40 fl: 2.40 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 65.6056 FVD: 307.316 ENP: 57.7119 IMD: 10.0002 BRL: 297.316 EXP: −13189.8 OBD: −762.684 OVL: 1070.00 STOP: 0.00 after surface 7. DIA: 37.446  

TABLE 2 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1 158.7994 8.37562 BK7 95.61  2 38.8752 32.61261 69.13  3a 94.7110 12.00000 STYRENE 63.03  4 −203.5070 0.27919 61.22  5a 42.9601 7.44470 ACRYLIC 46.52  6a 29.5212 27.52002 36.41  7a −29.5212 7.44470 ACRYLIC 38.06  8a −42.9601 0.27919 47.24  9 −95.0201 4.18781 SF14 52.65 10 153.0600 18.61174 SK5 63.41 11 −40.9609 0.27919 63.59 12a −1496.9570 15.00000 ACRYLIC 73.63 13 −76.4720 105.36350 76.70 14a 104.2866 18.00000 ACRYLIC 107.94 15 −535.3889 9.99825 107.71 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 3  1.2971E-06 −1.9595E-10  9.6038E-14  5.3556E-17 −9.0228E-20  1.3068E-22 5  1.8328E-06 −4.7943E-10  1.1410E-11 −1.3831E-14  2.0351E-17 −1.7888E-21 6  2.7335E-06  1.3736E-08 −3.3516E-11  1.0660E-13 −8.6134E-17  2.6188E-19 7 −2.7335E-06 −1.3736E-08  3.3516E-11 −1.0660E-13  8.6134E-17 −2.6188E-19 8 −1.8328E-06  4.7913E-10 −1.1410E-11  1.3831E-14 −2.0351E-17  1.7888E-21 12  −1.7503E-08 −5.9870E-10  5.5361E-13 −1.0091E-16 −2.0521E-19  9.6568E-23 14  −6.5592E-07 −3.0849E-10  3.2824E-13 −1.1758E-16  1.9238E-20 −1.1976E-24 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −660.40 fl: 2.40 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 65.9995 FVD: 267.397 ENP: 47.5474 IMD: 9.99825 BRL: 257.398 EXP: 933.924 OBD: −772.750 OVL: 1040.15 STOP: 13.76 after surface 6. DIA: 34.222  

TABLE 3 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a −569.1859 6.00000 ACRYLIC 103.24  2a 43.4332 49.25188 75.58  3a 35.5386 15.00000 STYRENE 54.67  4a 76.6546 17.03723 47.98  5 Aperature 8.21508 37.52 stop  6a −26.8487 6.00000 STYRENE 37.44  7a −416.2517 0.50000 45.39  8 109.7018 15.00000 SK5 52.67  9 −72.4406 4.00000 SF6 57.25 10 −797.2393 1.50000 64.51 11 109.2625 23.00000 SK5 80.23 12 −91.7278 0.50000 82.51 13a 161.3874 12.00000 ACRYLIC 83.64 14a −124.5568 112.67720 83.29 15a 139.8700 15.00000 ACRYLIC 108.92 16 −700.0000 9.99310 108.53 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  1.5269E-06 −4.7793E-10  8.6329E-14  1.7534E-17 −1.0696E-20  1.3478E-24 2 −5.8872E-07  6.2672E-10 −7.1632E-13  8.0158E-17  2.6776E-19 −1.1388E-22 3 −3.5984E-07 −1.2303E-09  5.4687E-12 −1.4090E-16 −1.1096E-17  1.2154E-20 4 −9.0496E-07  2.1367E-09  1.1451E-12 −2.0602E-14  5.0957E-17 −3.5173E-20 6  5.7611E-07 −3.9036E-09  1.9304E-11  8.2042E-15 −1.7730E-16  2.7062E-19 7  9.8174E-07  1.2856E-10  1.0683E-12  9.5925E-17 −2.9673E-18  3.7727E-21 13  −1.6458E-07  4.8211E-11  2.4178E-14  2.1575E-17 −5.9263E-21 −1.0409E-23 14   1.6358E-06  2.6911E-10  1.6924E-14  3.2156E-17 −9.6676E-21 −6.4011E-24 15  −1.4088E-07  5.6379E-11 −3.6038E-14  6.7003E-18 −3.6489E-22  7.2340E-26 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −660.40 fl: 2.40 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 65.6496 FVD: 295.674 ENP: 46.6887 IMD: 9.99310 BRL: 285.681 EXP: −11068.7 OBD: −774.320 OVL: 1069.99 STOP: 0.00 after surface 5. DIA: 37.505  

TABLE 4 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a 121.6711 6.00000 ACRYLIC 93.20  2a 41.1280 25.00000 71.09  3a −107.0244 6.00000 ACRYLIC 75.16  4a 175.4115 20.79812 69.61  5a 37.5326 13.00000 STYRENE 55.66  6a 161.2136 21.18080 52.12  7 Aperature 7.23365 36.91 stop  8a −26.6420 6.00000 STYRENE 36.71  9a −445.8134 0.50000 43.12 10 104.5622 18.00000 SK5 48.92 11 −39.4092 4.00000 F2 52.24 12 −281.2199 0.50000 60.79 13 200.0000 12.00000 SK5 66.16 14 −200.0000 0.50000 69.13 15a 97.9319 14.00000 ACRYLIC 72.62 16a −98.6747 114.44620 74.52 17a 122.0959 15.00000 ACRYLIC 108.21 18a −700.0000 9.99830 108.04 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  1.5671E-06 −2.9628E-10  6.2129E-14  4.5410E-18 −2.5318E-21  3.2733E-24 2  4.4999E-07  1.2576E-09 −9.5383E-13  6.7316E-17  2.6653E-19 −3.2088E-23 3  2.0585E-07 −5.1256E-12  3.8085E-14  1.4747E-17 −6.1487E-21 −1.0810E-23 4 −1.1286E-06 −8.3704E-11  1.5965E-13  1.2992E-16  1.7118E-19 −1.4586E-22 5  1.9928E-07 −1.0572E-09  2.5608E-12  4.2407E-15 −1.1849E-17  9.8733E-21 6  1.9348E-06 −4.9766E-11  6.1775E-12 −2.3604E-14  3.7314E-17 −1.9697E-20 8  4.2889E-06 −2.9900E-09  1.7106E-11  3.0536E-14 −2.1140E-16  2.7849E-19 9 −3.6942E-07 −9.6501E-10  2.5605E-12  4.5202E-16 −3.0357E-18  8.6693E-22 15  −1.9405E-06 −1.6176E-10 −2.2276E-13 −1.5551E-17  6.7875E-20 −1.7330E-24 16   1.2198E-06 −6.4493E-10 −8.4860E-14  1.4249E-17  9.7658E-21  1.9331E-23 17  −9.2257E-08 −2.8442E-11 −8.2153E-15  6.3747E-18 −3.6829E-21  8.0873E-25 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −660.40 fl: 2.60 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 66.1922 FVD: 294.157 ENP: 52.2689 IMD: 9.99830 BRL: 284.159 EXP: −6205.57 OBD: −775.838 OVL: 1070.00 STOP: 0.00 after surface 7. DIA: 36.239  

TABLE 5 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a −947.4765 8.37562 ACRYLIC 98.83  2 38.9498 50.59302 68.59  3 76.9362 7.44470 SF11 55.16  4 457.8991 0.27919 53.94  5a 78.8922 7.44470 ACRYLIC 51.42  6a 57.2344 33.15717 46.21  7a −57.2344 7.44470 ACRYLIC 47.74  8a −78.8922 0.27919 53.35  9 −143.5735 4.18781 SF14 54.86 10 94.6729 18.61174 SK5 60.30 11 −47.1576 0.27919 61.67 12a 127.8837 11.16705 ACRYLIC 64.71 13 1321.2629 120.66400 66.02 14a 91.6236 15.00000 ACRYLIC 108.26 15 −533.3889 9.97716 108.26 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  1.0719E-06 −5.7923E-11 −2.2402E-13  1.9415E-16 −6.8130E-20  8.9308E-24 5  1.1636E-06 −5.0434E-10  9.6131E-12 −1.7599E-14  1.7162E-17 −5.8680E-21 6  1.2711E-06  9.8638E-09 −3.6063E-11  1.0124E-13 −1.3184E-16  7.2290E-20 7 −1.2711E-06 −9.8638E-09  3.6063E-11 −1.0124E-13  1.3184E-16 −7.2290E-20 8 −1.1636E-06  5.0434E-10 −9.6131E-12  1.7599E-14 −1.7162E-17  5.8680E-21 12   3.2814E-08 −7.2202E-10  7.5840E-13 −9.3077E-17 −4.2291E-19  2.0621E-22 14  −7.2374E-07 −1.6695E-10  2.2119E-13 −1.0836E-16  2.7162E-20 −2.7258E-24 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −660.40 fl: 2.40 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 65.9971 FVD: 294.905 ENP: 47.4196 IMD: 9.97716 BRL: 284.928 EXP: 1143.16 OBD: −773.714 OVL: 1068.62 STOP: 21.56 after surface 6. DIA: 46.429  

TABLE 6 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1 137.0489 5.00000 BK7 74.99  2 31.2291 25.38251 55.45  3a −113.5269 10.00000 STYRENE 53.14  4a −54.9945 0.27919 51.38  5a 35.0988 7.44470 ACRYLIC 41.06  6a 27.6177 32.99456 35.67  7a −27.6177 7.44470 ACRYLIC 41.91  8a −35.0988 0.20000 49.19  9 131.8282 18.00000 ACRYLIC 65.15 10a −43.7525 1.00000 65.04 11a −51.4270 7.00000 STYRENE 63.68 12a −152.4864 0.27919 68.56 13 182.0921 20.00000 SK5 72.41 14 −54.1632 1.00000 72.95 15a −51.4270 7.00000 STYRENE 70.79 16a −152.4864 106.00550 72.42 17a 98.8869 15.00000 ACRYLIC 107.66 18 −535.3889 10.00007 107.59 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 3  3.4568E-06  6.9663E-10  2.6127E-12 −2.2808E-15 −9.7531E-19  8.0804E-22 4  5.3904E-06 −1.1902E-09  1.2013E-12  1.2557E-15 −6.8366E-18  3.1269E-21 5  1.0872E-06  4.9518E-09  1.3457E-11 −1.1151E-14  2.3531E-17 −2.2802E-20 6 −3.4949E-06  1.5294E-08 −1.8952E-11  1.2355E-13 −8.4255E-17 −3.7518E-20 7  3.4949E-06 −1.5294E-08  1.8952E-11 −1.2355E-13  8.4225E-17  3.7518E-20 8 −1.0872E-06 −4.9518E-09 −1.3457E-11  1.1151E-14 −2.3531E-17  2.2802E-20 10  −4.1719E-08  1.5484E-10 −8.0567E-14 −2.9683E-17  2.9631E-20  1.9686E-22 11  −9.0200E-08  2.5863E-10  3.5923E-13  1.8652E-16 −1.0960E-20 −9.8571E-23 12   7.9728E-07  4.3196E-10  2.6990E-14  1.1861E-16  1.3851E-19 −1.2450E-22 15  −9.0200E-08  2.5863E-10  3.5923E-13  1.8652E-16 −1.0960E-20 −9.8571E-23 16   7.9728E-07  4.3196E-10  2.6990E-14  1.1861E-16  1.3851E-19 −1.2450E-22 17  −2.6796E-07 −5.5252E-10  2.8672E-13 −7.5158E-17  1.4050E-20 −1.3844E-24 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −660.40 fl: 2.60 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 66.0000 FVD: 274.030 ENP: 37.2913 IMD: 10.0001 BRL: 264.030 EXP: 832.590 OBD: −782.448 OVL: 1056.48 STOP: 16.50 after surface 6. DIA: 37.551  

TABLE 7 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1 135.2710 4.00000 BK7 81.82  2 32.6261 17.79263 60.30  3a 928.2989 8.00000 STYRENE 60.02  4a −188.2154 0.50000 58.30  5a 39.5052 8.00000 ACRYLIC 49.72  6a 29.1122 41.85327 41.46  7a −29.1122 8.00000 ACRYLIC 44.58  8a −39.5052 0.50000 52.98  9 77.5787 29.60778 ACRYLIC 71.42 10a −45.4335 0.50000 72.42 11a −57.8443 7.00000 STYRENE 69.57 12a −218.1154 0.50000 72.44 13 146.0073 23.00000 SK5 75.52 14 −61.4748 1.00000 76.13 15a −57.8443 7.00000 STYRENE 74.07 16a −218.1154 107.7680 75.20 17a 113.1712 17.00000 ACRYLIC 105.00 18 −550.0000 10.00180 105.00 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 3  5.0114E-06 −7.5514E-10  2.4260E-12 −3.0219E-15  5.5886E-18 −3.8759E-21 4  5.0095E-06 −2.2665E-09  1.4239E-12  4.0511E-15 −6.9969E-18  1.3974E-21 5  7.0937E-07  2.8241E-09  2.5376E-12 −1.0416E-14  2.2718E-17 −1.3796E-20 6 −1.8225E-06  8.2637E-09 −2.6049E-11  5.5754E-14 −1.1258E-17 −2.3992E-20 7  1.8225E-06 −8.2637E-09  2.6049E-11 −5.5754E-14  1.1258E-17  2.3992E-20 8 −7.0937E-07 −2.8241E-09 −2.5376E-12  1.0416E-14 −2.2718E-17  1.3796E-20 10   9.0618E-07  3.6080E-10  3.6043E-13 −5.0548E-17 −1.1699E-19  9.1943E-23 11   4.0369E-07  3.0556E-10 −1.3767E-14  1.9427E-17 −7.0592E-20  1.5278E-23 12   9.8470E-07  3.0898E-10  4.5631E-14 −1.1394E-16  7.0842E-20 −2.2792E-23 15   4.0369E-07  3.0556E-10 −1.3767E-14  1.9427E-17 −7.0592E-20  1.5278E-23 16   9.8470E-07  3.0898E-10  4.5631E-14 −1.1394E-16  7.0842E-20 −2.2792E-23 17  −1.9051E-07 −5.7486E-10  3.1763E-13 −2.3064E-17 −2.4265E-20  5.2053E-24 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −571.50 fl: 2.40 MAG: −0.0889 EFL: 63.6601 FVD: 292.024 ENP: 39.9528 IMD: 10.0018 BRL: 282.022 EXP: 1252.22 OBD: −672.976 OVL: 964.999 STOP: 28.85 after surface 6. DIA: 42.357  

TABLE 8 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a −430.6481 6.00000 ACRYLIC 107.85  2 48.2160 49.80489 80.00  3a 33.1764 11.00000 STYRENE 53.50  4a 71.0748 20.43078 50.56  5 Aperture 9.69367 36.95 stop  6a −27.0513 6.00000 STYRENE 36.45  7a −97.7574 0.50000 43.38  8 −217.3178 4.00000 SF6 45.12  9 71.5467 15.00000 SK5 52.47 10 −85.2621 1.50000 58.77 11 113.6252 24.00000 SK5 85.23 12 −87.6248 0.50000 87.02 13 −1396.4110 12.00000 ACRYLIC 87.41 14a −113.7844 106.02420 87.80 15a 144.0855 15.00000 ACRYLIC 108.71 16 −700.0000 10.00063 108.42 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  1.7265E-06 −5.0563E-10  7.7902E-14  1.8312E-17 −9.8919E-21  1.2219E-24 3 −6.4206E-07 −1.6867E-10  6.0966E-12 −3.8355E-15 −1.2448E-17  1.9858E-20 4  2.6200E-07  4.2710E-09 −2.4430E-12 −2.2089E-14  5.7230E-17 −3.7237E-20 6 −8.7022E-07 −4.6900E-09  6.8501E-12 −8.6392E-15 −1.1384E-16  2.0230E-19 7 −1.2079E-06 −1.3813E-09  3.5311E-12 −2.4985E-15 −1.2281E-17  1.9686E-20 14   1.0200E-06  2.3230E-10 −6.0636E-14  1.3854E-17 −4.5648E-21  2.7866E-24 15  −6.4501E-08  7.6368E-12 −4.1252E-14  1.1774E-17  2.6866E-21 −9.8906E-25 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −660.40 fl: 2.40 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 66.1377 FVD: 291.454 ENP: 48.7648 IMD: 10.0006 BRL: 281.454 EXP: −7335.50 OBD: −778.552 OVL: 1070.01 STOP: 0.00 after surface 5. DIA: 36.951  

TABLE 9 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a 82.0969 5.00000 ACRYLIC 56.46  2 28.7214 11.21390 45.40  3 81.0110 8.00000 SF6 43.94  4 −887.3628 0.20000 41.52  5a 35.6781 7.50818 STYRENE 35.54  6a 23.2152 30.23279 27.37  7a −23.2152 7.50818 STYRENE 27.06  8a −35.6781 0.20000 34.74  9 −218.3648 24.00000 FK5 39.13 10 −25.2037 3.75409 SF6 46.27 11 −45.3202 0.20000 57.07 12 114.2101 18.00000 SK5 72.21 13 −70.4229 0.20000 72.72 14a −139.1289 9.00000 ACRYLIC 71.25 15a −61.2332 74.18505 71.52 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  1.1388E-06 −5.2355E-10 −1.6178E-12  3.7438E-15 −3.4246E-18  1.2570E-21 5 −1.1687E-06  1.7395E-08 −3.2445E-11  1.6996E-13 −3.2950E-16  4.3388E-19 6 −6.1381E-06  3.2753E-08 −6.9297E-11 −4.1770E-13  4.7770E-15 −8.9615E-18 7  6.1381E-06 −3.2753E-08  6.9297E-11  4.1770E-13 −4.7770E-15  8.9615E-18 8  1.1687E-06 −1.7395E-08  3.2445E-11 −1.6996E-13  3.2950E-16 −4.3388E-19 14  −2.9437E-07 −5.0363E-10  1.2027E-13 −1.1975E-16  2.5254E-19 −9.5080E-23 15   1.8908E-06 −7.2759E-11 −4.3346E-14 −6.5028E-17  2.5433E-19 −9.1037E-23 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −317.50 fl: 2.00 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 42.9995 FVD: 199.202 ENP: 37.7574 IMD: 74.1850 BRL: 125.017 EXP: −125100. OBD: −499.751 OVL: 698.953 STOP: 17.95 after surface 6. DIA: 24.093  

TABLE 10 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a 25.2237 2.50000 ACRYLIC 18.90  2 8.3453 4.06293 14.11  3 73.7267 1.00000 BK7 13.93  4 18.7852 4.00000 SF6 13.37  5 −47.7215 0.20000 12.51  6a 13.8802 2.00000 ACRYLIC 10.40  7a 8.6569 7.11753 8.20  8a −8.6569 2.00000 ACRYLIC 6.78  9a −13.8802 0.20000 7.81 10 −28.7358 1.00000 SF6 8.10 11 10.9118 8.33000 BK7 9.36 12 −11.9366 0.20000 14.66 13a 25.8279 9.37000 ACRYLIC 18.57 14a −12.4324 1.40000 20.59 15 ∞ 31.20000 SK5 18.92 16 ∞ 0.47810 13.70 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  1.3074E-05  5.5412E-07 −3.3729E-08  6.3765E-10 −5.4661E-12  1.8213E-14 6  1.8844E-04  2.5379E-05 −8.6379E-07  2.4831E-08 −2.6633E-10  6.8303E-12 7  1.9187E-04  3.2358E-05  1.1808E-07 −1.3481E-07  9.4399E-09 −1.3832E-10 8 −1.9187E-04 −3.2358E-05 −1.1808E-07  1.3481E-07 −9.4399E-09  1.3832E-10 9 −1.8844E-04 −2.5379E-05  8.6379E-07 −2.4831E-08  2.6633E-10 −6.8303E-12 13  −4.3807E-05 −4.1408E-07  1.6296E-09 −2.2920E-11  3.8303E-13 −3.5993E-15 14   5.9546E-05  7.1410E-08 −1.7909E-09 −1.9090E-11  6.0683E-13 −3.3412E-15 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −557.00 fl: 2.00 MAG: −0.0122 EFL: 11.4542 FVD: 75.0586 ENP: 13.3134 IMD: 0.478098 BRL: 74.5805 EXP: −14279.3 OBD: −925.562 OVL: 74.5805 STOP: 5.76 after surface 7. DIA: 6.7154  

TABLE 11 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a 281.6491 6.00000 ACRYLIC 51.59  2 34.3557 7.49190 42.42  3 77.3775 6.00000 SF6 40.94  4 ∞ 3.00000 BK7 39.23  5 59.3087 0.20000 35.58  6a 26.2016 9.00000 ACRYLIC 33.32  7a 27.7133 23.27822 26.98  8 ∞ 28.10182 14.82  9a −27.7133 9.00000 ACRYLIC 33.30 10a −26.2016 0.20000 40.12 11 −64.1761 14.00000 SK5 44.51 12 −30.1775 3.00000 SP6 48.81 13 −54.2642 0.20000 56.09 14 271.8037 17.00000 BK7 63.66 15 −54.6869 0.20000 65.35 16a −110.0000 8.00000 ACRYLIC 64.68 17a −80.0000 4.50000 66.93 18 ∞ 4.50000 BK7 64.69 19 ∞ 1.00000 64.18 20 ∞ 55.00000 SSK5 64.00 21 ∞ 72.33000 SK5 58.23 22 ∞ 3.00000 BK7 50.29 23 ∞ 0.50000 49.95 24 ∞ 3.18000 BK7 49.86 25 ∞ −0.09453 49.51 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  2.7021E-06 −4.2909E-10 −7.4454E-13  1.1622E-15 −3.5089E-19 −1.7018E-22 6  1.5256E-06 −1.1915E-09  3.2360E-11 −3.5262E-13  1.1495E-15 −1.2915E-18 7  6.4649E-06  4.6582E-08 −4.6274E-10  1.9572E-12 −3.0717E-15  1.0689E-19 9 −6.4649E-06 −4.6582E-08  4.6274E-10 −1.9572E-12  3.0717E-15 −1.0689E-19 10  −1.5256E-06  1.1915E-09 −3.2360E-11  3.5262E-13 −1.1495E-15  1.2915E-18 16  −8.2477E-08 −4.9723E-10 −6.0851E-13 −3.0556E-16 −1.5484E-19  1.4939E-22 17   6.0090E-07 −5.7431E-10 −3.7456E-13 −2.4739E-16 −2.6086E-20  7.7311E-23 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −359.20 fl: 4.00 MAG: −0.0689 EFL: 47.9726 FVD: 278.587 ENP: 39.1924 IMD: −.945269E-01 BRL: 278.682 EXP: 35216.9 OBD: −657.006 OVL: 935.593 STOP: 0.00 after surface 8. DIA: 14.775  

TABLE 12 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a −490.1644 5.00000 ACRYLIC 60.02  2 30.5001 16.98608 47.16  3 47.9748 8.00000 SF6 44.43  4 147.4488 0.20000 42.06  5a 23.7369 7.50818 ACRYLIC 35.86  6a 20.6264 34.28608 28.97  7 523.9152 8.00000 SK5 19.05  8 −15.4998 1.00000 F2 21.21  9 1881.4011 8.10173 24.35 10a −20.6264 7.50818 ACRYLIC 27.29 11a −23.7369 0.20000 34.29 12 −56.2662 15.00000 FK5 38.40 13 −25.3606 3.00000 NBFD10 43.58 14 −39.6161 0.20000 50.92 15a 108.2844 18.00000 ACRYLIC 62.68 16a −43.0795 1.00000 63.55 17 ∞ 120.00000 SK5 61.78 18 ∞ 0.96650 50.95 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  3.6956E-06 −2.0636E-09  1.1625E-13  2.0365E-15 −2.5214E-18  1.0960E-21 5  5.4411E-08  5.7772E-09  1.4208E-10 −1.0278E-12  3.6326E-15 −3.9867E-18 6 −1.0290E-06  8.6170E-08 −1.0754E-09  6.1660E-12 −1.1913E-14  6.1467E-18 10   1.0290E-06 −8.6170E-08  1.0754E-09 −6.1660E-12  1.1913E-14 −6.1467E-18 11  −5.4411E-08  5.7772E-09 −1.4208E-10  1.0278E-12 −3.6326E-15  3.9867E-18 15   2.0070E-08 −3.2885E-10 −2.2938E-13  2.6744E-16 −1.3675E-19  1.8952E-23 16   2.0828E-06  5.4647E-10 −1.6157E-15 −2.1816E-16  3.2489E-19 −1.2073E-22 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −317.50 fl: 4.00 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 42.9997 FVD: 254.957 ENP: 40.3017 IMD: 0.966499 BRL: 253.990 EXP: 29407.9 OBD: −497.132 OVL: 752.089 STOP: −22.18 after surface 8. DIA: 13.044  

TABLE 13 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a 570.3171 5.00000 ACRYLIC 54.10  2 31.9481 13.60849 43.71  3 64.3459 6.00000 SF6 39.79  4 162.9577 0.20000 37.59  5a 23.3904 7.50818 STYRENE 32.55  6a 20.8846 43.31920 25.76  7a −20.8846 7.50818 STYRENE 28.40  8a −23.3904 0.20000 35.51  9 −63.5258 15.00000 SK5 40.56 10 −24.2464 3.00000 SF6 44.03 11 −47.5492 0.20000 53.60 12a 118.4054 18.00000 ACRYLIC 64.24 13a −42.3194 1.00000 64.99 14 ∞ 120.00000 SK5 62.82 15 ∞ 0.97044 50.97 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  3.5234E-06 −2.1582E-09  1.0051E-13  2.2823E-15 −2.6612E-18  1.1080E-21 5  4.1438E-07 −2.6927E-09  1.4331E-10 −1.0171E-12  3.6740E-15 −4.2041E-18 6  9.6270E-07  9.1133E-08 −1.0091E-09  6.2227E-12 −1.2776E-14  7.3793E-18 7 −9.6270E-07 −9.1133E-08  1.0091E-09 −6.2227E-12  1.2776E-14 −7.3793E-18 8 −4.1438E-07  2.6927E-09 −1.4331E-10  1.0171E-12 −3.6740E-15  4.2041E-18 12  −7.3105E-08 −4.0309E-10 −2.9597E-13  1.8337E-16 −1.8251E-19  4.9644E-23 13   1.8625E-06  5.9249E-10 −6.5396E-14 −2.9205E-16  2.6928E-19 −1.5540E-22 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −317.50 fl: 4.00 MAG: −0.0800 EFL: 42.9986 FVD: 241.514 ENP: 36.9733 IMD: 0.970439 BRL: 240.544 EXP: 83338.6 OBD: −500.487 OVL: 742.002 STOP: −20.66 after surface 6. DIA: 12.825  

TABLE 14 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a −256.3043 5.12507 ACRYLIC 38.68  2 25.8020 16.91454 32.83  3 57.0870 5.97924 SP11 32.44  4 314.5539 0.17084 31.33  5a 27.3894 7.14803 ACRYLIC 29.45  6a 31.8678 22.44155 25.28  7 Aperture 11.95012 16.02 stop  8 −374.6280 7.00000 FK52 21.41  9 −16.9616 1.00000 K2FS4 22.61 10 −225.3529 3.20881 25.18 11a −31.8678 7.14803 ACRYLIC 25.59 12a −27.3894 0.17084 30.27 13 −35.1092 2.56253 K2FS4 31.20 14 54.9984 15.00000 FK52 38.26 15 −46.5677 0.17084 43.81 16 78.5015 15.00000 SK5 52.30 17 −51.5058 0.20000 52.92 18a −100.0000 7.00000 ACRYLIC 51.34 19a −80.0000 0.85418 51.17 20 ∞ 46.97978 SSK5 50.15 21 ∞ 71.75093 SK5 43.32 22 ∞ 0.42709 32.42 23 ∞ 2.76754 K5 32.32 24 ∞ −0.00139 31.88 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  6.2110E-06 −3.8544E-09 −4.3180E-12  2.5385E-14 −5.1475E-17  4.9727E-20 5  3.7087E-06  1.2867E-08  1.0134E-10 −1.0412E-12  6.7191E-15 −1.3018E-17 6  6.0690E-06  7.9141E-08 −9.6884E-10  8.0294E-12 −2.2874E-14  1.3079E-17 11  −6.0690E-06 −7.9141E-08  9.6884E-10 −8.0294E-12  2.2874E-14 −1.3079E-17 12  −3.7087E-06 −1.2867E-08 −1.0134E-10  1.0412E-12 −6.7191E-15  1.3018E-17 18  −3.5771E-08 −7.9681E-10 −2.2928E-12  1.3144E-15 −1.0852E-18  1.9977E-21 19   2.5145E-06 −7.4160E-10  6.8492E-13 −2.5957E-15  1.0395E-18  1.9495E-21 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −279.40 fl: 3.33 MAG: −0.0570 EFL: 40.9984 FVD: 250.969 ENP: 33.7610 IMD: −1.39194E-02 BRL: 250.970 EXP: −17586.0 OBD: −685.605 OVL: 936.574 STOP: 0.00 after surface 7. DIA: 16.008  

TABLE 15 SN. RADIUS THICKNESS GLASS CLR. AP.  1a 260.9710 5.12507 ACRYLIC 42.31  2 25.6475 19.11514 35.39  3 47.2190 5.97924 SF11 33.32  4 67.5626 0.17084 31.38  5a 25.4264 7.14803 STYRENE 30.15  6a 30.1914 48.40961 25.95  7a −30.1914 7.14803 STYRENE 26.42  8a −25.4264 0.17084 30.85  9 −31.4535 2.56253 SF5 31.48 10 50.0514 15.00000 SK5 39.00 11 −72.6714 0.17084 45.09 12 69.0035 15.00000 SK5 53.47 13 −49.8407 0.20000 53.76 14a −100.0000 7.00000 ACRYLIC 51.80 15a −80.0000 0.85418 51.84 16 ∞ 46.97978 SSK5 50.72 17 ∞ 71.75093 SK5 43.67 18 ∞ 0.42709 32.43 19 ∞ 2.76754 K5 32.32 20 ∞ 0.00529 31.87 EVEN POLYNOMIAL ASPHERES SN. AD AE AF AG AH AI 1  5.3384E-06 −7.9525E-10 −7.5835E-12  1.6616E-14 −1.9565E-17  1.6420E-20 5  2.6012E-07  8.8368E-09  1.0831E-10 −1.0908E-12  6.9609E-15 −1.3602E-17 6  3.9652E-06  9.1183E-08 −1.0645E-09  8.3839E-12 −2.2080E-14  8.4275E-18 7 −3.9652E-06 −9.1183E-08  1.0645E-09 −8.3839E-12  2.2080E-14 −8.4275E-18 8 −2.6012E-07 −8.8368E-09 −1.0831E-10  1.0908E-12 −6.9609E-15  1.3602E-17 14  −7.0826E-07 −1.2109E-09 −2.6870E-12  9.5720E-16 −1.3980E-18  2.1217E-21 15   2.2587E-06 −6.8697E-10  7.6586E-13 −2.9386E-15  2.4725E-19  2.2444E-21 SYSTEM FIRST ORDER PROPERTIES OBJ. HT: −279.40 fl: 3.33 MAG: −0.0570 EFL: 41.0016 FVD: 255.985 ENP: 38.9501 IMD: 0.528695E-02 BRL: 255.980 EXP: −7950.90 OBD: −680.588 OVL: 936.573 STOP: 25.77 after surface 6. DIA: 16.215  

TABLE 16 MATERIALS TABLE Name N_(o) V_(o) Acrylic 1.4938 56.9 Styrene 1.5949 30.7 SK5 1.5914 61.0 SF6 1.8126 25.2 SF14 1.7686 26.3 BK7 1.5187 63.9 F2 1.6241 36.1 SF11 1.7919 25.5 FK52 1.4874 81.4 KZFS4 1.6167 44.1 SSK5 1.6615 50.6 K5 1.5246 59.2 SF5 1.6776 31.9 NBFD10 1.8393 37.1 FK5 1.4891 70.2  

TABLE 17 Ex. No. Field F/No f f₁ f₂ f₃ ASOD ENPD ASOD/f 1 38.8° 2.4 65.61 −74.33 −804.19 79.61 209.76 −13189.8 3.2 2 38.8° 2.4 66.00 −101.66 403.81 88.48 192.91 933.9 2.9 3 38.8° 2.4 65.65 −81.46 −523.66 78.88 208.40 −11068.7 3.2 4 38.6° 2.6 66.19 −60.07 529.72 81.76 202.18 −6205.6 3.1 5 38.8° 2.4 66.00 −75.56 184.44 113.70 199.23 1143.2 3.0 6 38.9° 2.6 66.00 −79.25 665.38 111.01 209.42 832.6 3.2 7 38.8° 2.4 63.37 −84.01 −468.50 110.74 223.92 1282.9 3.5 8 38.6° 2.4 66.14 −87.45 563.82 79.21 204.21 −7335.5 3.1 9 30.6° 2.0 43.00 −92.37 1671.63 47.84 149.33 −125100.0 3.5 10 30.7° 2.0 11.45 −26.57 96.26 13.76 55.54 −14279.3 4.9 11 27.3° 4.0 47.97 −79.88 155.64 73.82 223.71 35216.9 4.7 12 30.6° 4.0 43.00 −58.00 90.84 57.29 197.12 29407.9 4.6 13 30.6° 4.0 43.00 −68.79 120.70 58.89 186.53 83338.6 4.3 14 21.2° 3.3 41.00 −47.19 71.64 57.96 193.19 −17586.0 4.7 15 21.2° 3.3 41.00 −58.00 84.11 70.56 192.67 −7950.9 4.7   

1. A telecentric lens system having an aperture stop and a telecentric pupil, said system comprising in order from its long conjugate side to its short conjugate side: (a) a first lens unit which has a negative power and comprises a negative lens element whose strongest surface is convex to the long conjugate side of the system; (b) a second lens unit which is of weak optical power and comprises two meniscus elements whose concave surfaces face each other, the system's aperture stop being located between the meniscus elements and each meniscus element having at least one aspheric surface; and (c) a third lens unit which has a positive power and comprises means for correcting the chromatic aberrations of the system, said third lens unit forming the system's telecentric pupil by imaging the aperture stop.
 2. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the negative lens element of the first lens unit is meniscus shaped.
 3. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the negative lens element of the first lens unit is located at the long conjugate end of the lens system.
 4. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the negative lens elements of the first lens unit is composed of a low dispersion material.
 5. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the first lens unit includes at least one aspheric surface.
 6. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the first lens unit contains only negative lens elements.
 7. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the second lens unit comprises a positive lens element associated with the meniscus element nearest the long conjugate side of the system and located on the long conjugate side of that meniscus element.
 8. The telecentric lens system of claim 7 wherein said positive lens element is composed of a high dispersion material.
 9. The telecentric lens system of claim 7 wherein said positive lens elements is a cemented doublet.
 10. The telecentric lens system of claim 7 wherein said positive lens element has at least one aspheric surface.
 11. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the second lens unit comprises a color correcting doublet.
 12. The telecentric lens system of claim 11 wherein the color correcting doublet is located in the vicinity of the lens system aperture stop so that the doublet corrects axial color without significantly correcting lateral color.
 13. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the color correcting means of the third lens unit comprises a color correcting doublet.
 14. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the color correcting means of the third lens unit comprises a doublet which consists of a positive lens element composed of a first low dispersion material and a negative lens element composed of a second low dispersion material.
 15. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the third lens unit includes at least one aspheric surface.
 16. The telecentric lens system of claim 1 wherein the third lens unit provides the majority of the positive power of the lens system.
 17. A projection television system comprising a pixelized panel, a screen, and a lens system for forming an image of the pixelized panel on the screen, said lens system having an aperture stop and a telecentric pupil, and the distance between the aperture stop and the pixelized panel being at least about 2.5 times the lens system's focal length, wherein the lens system comprises, in order from its long conjugate side to its short conjugate side: (a) first lens unit which has a negative power and comprises a negative lens element whose strongest surface is convex to the long conjugate side of the system; (b) a second lens unit which is of weak optical power and comprises two meniscus elements whose concave surfaces face each other, the system's aperture stop being located between the meniscus elements and each meniscus element having at least one aspheric surface; and (c) third lens unit which has a positive power and comprises means for correcting the chromatic aberrations of the system, said third lens unit forming the system's telecentric pupil by imaging the aperture stop.
 18. The projection television system of claim 17 wherein the second lens unit comprises means for correcting the chromatic aberrations of the lens system.
 19. A projection lens system comprising a pixelized panel, a screen, and a projection lens for forming an image of the pixelized panel on the screen, said projection lens comprising a lens element composed of a material, other than an acrylic plastic, having an abnormal partial dispersion, wherein said lens element reduces the secondary lateral color of the projection lens.
 20. The projection lens system of claim 19 wherein the lateral color at the pixelized panel over the visual spectrum is less than about a diagonal of a pixel.
 21. The projection lens system of claim 19 wherein the lateral color at the pixelized panel over the visual spectrum is less than about one-half the diagonal of a pixel.
 22. The projection lens system of claim 19 wherein the projection lens has a short conjugate side in the direction of the pixelized panel and is telecentric on said short conjugate side.
 23. The projection lens system of claim 19 wherein the projection lens further comprises a first lens element nearest to the screen and a second lens element nearest to the pixelized panel, each of said lens elements comprising an aspheric surface.
 24. The projection lens system of claim 23 wherein the first lens element has a negative power.
 25. The projection lens system of claim 24 wherein the first lens element is meniscus-shaped.
 26. The projection lens system of claim 24 wherein the strongest surface of the first lens element is convex to the screen.
 27. The projection lens system of claim 19 wherein the projection lens further comprises a negative lens element and a positive lens element, the dispersion of the negative lens element being less than the dispersion of the positive lens element.
 28. The projection lens system of claim 19 wherein the projection lens further comprises a negative lens element and a positive lens element, the dispersion of the negative lens element being carrier greater than the dispersion of the positive lens element.
 29. The projection lens system of claim 19 wherein the projection lens has an aperture stop and the distance between the aperture stop and the pixelized panel is at least about 2.5 times the projection lens' focal length.
 30. A projection lens system comprising a pixelized panel, a screen, and a projection lens for forming an image of the pixelized panel on the screen, said projection lens comprising: (a) a first lens unit which has a negative power and comprises a negative lens element, (b) a second lens unit which is of weak optical power, and (c) a third lens unit which has a positive power, said third lens unit comprising color correcting means for correcting the chromatic aberrations of the lens system, said color correcting means comprising a material, other than an acrylic plastic, having an abnormal partial dispersion; wherein said color correcting means reduces the secondary lateral color of the projection lens.
 31. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the lateral color at the pixelized panel over the visual spectrum is less than about a diagonal of a pixel.
 32. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the lateral color at the pixelized panel over the visual spectrum is less than about one-half the diagonal of a pixel.
 33. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the projection lens has a short conjugate side in the direction of the pixelized panel and is telecentric on said short conjugate side.
 34. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the strongest surface of the negative lens element is convex to the screen.
 35. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the negative lens element is meniscus-shaped.
 36. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the negative lens element is located at the screen end of the projection lens.
 37. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the negative lens element is composed of a low dispersion material.
 38. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the first lens unit comprises an aspheric surface.
 39. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the first lens unit contains only negative lens elements.
 40. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the third lens unit comprises an aspheric surface.
 41. The projection lens system of claim 30 wherein the projection lens has an aperture stop and the distance between the aperture stop and the pixelized panel is at least about 2.5 times the projection lens' focal length.
 42. A projection lens for forming an image of an object which (a) has a short conjugate side and a long conjugate, side, (b) is telecentric on said short conjugate side, and (c) comprises a lens element composed of a material, other than an acrylic plastic, having an abnormal partial dispersion, wherein said lens element reduces the secondary lateral color of the projection lens.
 43. The projection lens of claim 42 wherein the projection lens further comprises a first lens element at the long conjugate side and a second lens element at the short conjugate side, each of said lens elements comprising an aspheric surface.
 44. The projection lens of claim 43 wherein the first lens element has a negative power.
 45. The projection lens of claim 44 wherein the first lens element is meniscus-shaped.
 46. The projection lens system of claim 44 wherein the strongest surface of the first lens element is convex to the long conjugate.
 47. The projection lens of claim 42 wherein the lens further comprises a negative lens element and a positive lens element, the dispersion of the negative lens element being less than the dispersion of the positive lens element.
 48. The projection lens of claim 42 wherein the lens further comprises a negative lens element and a positive lens element, the dispersion of the negative element being greater than the dispersion of the positive lens element.
 49. A projection lens for forming an image of an object which (a) has a short conjugate side and a long conjugate side, (b) is telecentric on said short conjugate side, and (c) comprises: (i) a first lens unit which has a negative power and comprises a negative lens element, (ii) a second lens unit which is of weak optical power, and (iii) a third lens unit which has a positive power, said third lens unit comprising color correcting means for correcting the chromatic aberrations of the lens system, said color correcting means comprising a material, other than an acrylic plastic, having an abnormal partial dispersion; wherein said color correcting means reduces the secondary lateral color of the projection lens.
 50. The projection lens of claim 49 wherein the strongest surface of the negative lens element is convex to the long conjugate.
 51. The projection lens of claim 49 wherein the negative lens element is meniscus-shaped.
 52. The projection lens of claim 49 wherein the negative lens element is located at the long conjugate end of the lens.
 53. The projection lens of claim 49 wherein the negative lens element is composed of a low dispersion material.
 54. The projection lens of claim 49 wherein the first lens unit comprises an aspheric surface.
 55. The projection lens of claim 49 wherein the first lens unit contains only negative lens elements.
 56. The projection lens of claim 49 wherein the third lens unit comprises an aspheric surface. 